dm-crypt/Swap encryption

Depending on requirements, different methods may be used to encrypt the swap partition which are described in the following. A setup where the swap encryption is re-initialised on reboot (with a new encryption) provides higher data protection, because it avoids sensitive file fragments which may have been swapped out a long time ago without being overwritten. However, re-encrypting swap also forbids using a suspend-to-disk feature generally.

Without suspend-to-disk support

In systems where suspend-to-disk (hibernation) is not a desired feature, /etc/crypttab can be set up to decrypt the swap partition with a random password with plain dm-crypt at boot-time. The random password is discarded on shutdown, leaving behind only encrypted, inaccessible data in the swap device.

To enable this feature, simply uncomment the line beginning with swap in /etc/crypttab. Change the <device> parameter to the name of your swap device. For example, it will look something like this:

/etc/crypttab

# <name>  <device>     <password>     <options>
swap      /dev/sdX#    /dev/urandom   swap,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv:sha256,size=256

This will map /dev/sdX# to /dev/mapper/swap as a swap partition that can be added in /etc/fstab like a normal swap. If you had a non-encrypted swap partition before, do not forget to disable it - or re-use its fstab entry by changing the device to /dev/mapper/swap. The default options should be sufficient for most usage. For other options and an explanation of each column, see crypttab(5) as well as point cryptsetup FAQ 2.3.

Warning: All contents of the named device will be permanently deleted. It is dangerous to use the kernel's simple naming for a swap device, since their naming order (e.g. /dev/sda, /dev/sdb) changes upon each boot. Options are:

Use by-id and by-path paths. However, these are both are susceptible to hardware changes. See Persistent block device naming#by-id and by-path.
Use PARTLABEL.
Use an LVM logical volume's name.
Use the method described in #UUID and LABEL. Labels and UUIDS cannot be used directly because of the recreation and re-encryption of the swap device on every boot with mkswap, see cryptsetup FAQ.

Note: Swap partition setup can sometimes fail, see systemd issue 10179.

To use a by-id persistent device naming instead of kernel simple naming, first identify the swap device:

# find -L /dev/disk -samefile /dev/sdaX

/dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD2500BEVT-22ZCT0_WD-WXE908VF0470-partX
/dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0x60015ee0000b237f-partX

Then use as a persistent reference for the /dev/sdX# example partition (if two results are returned as above, choose either one of them):

/etc/crypttab

# <name>  <device>                                                         <password>     <options>
swap      /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD2500BEVT-22ZCT0_WD-WXE908VF0470-partX  /dev/urandom   swap,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv:sha256,size=256

After a reboot to activate the encrypted swap, you will note that running swapon -s shows an arbitrary device mapper entry (e.g. /dev/dm-1) for it, while the lsblk command shows crypt in the FSTYPE column. Due to fresh encryption each boot, the UUID for /dev/mapper/swap will change every time.

Note: If the partition chosen for swap was previously a LUKS partition, crypttab will not overwrite the partition to create a swap partition. This is a safety measure to prevent data loss from accidental mis-identification of the swap partition in crypttab. In order to use such a partition the LUKS header must be overwritten once.

UUID and LABEL

It is dangerous to use crypttab swap with simple kernel device names like /dev/sdX# or even /dev/disk/by-id/ata-SERIAL-partX. A small change in your device names or partitioning layout and /etc/crypttab will see your valuable data formatted on the next boot. Same if you use PARTUUID and then decide to use that partition for something else without removing the crypttab entry first.

It is more reliable to identify the correct partition by giving it a genuine UUID or LABEL. By default that does not work because dm-crypt and mkswap would simply overwrite any content on that partition which would remove the UUID and LABEL too; however, it is possible to specify a swap offset. This allows you to create a very small, empty, bogus filesystem with no other purpose than providing a persistent UUID or LABEL for the swap encryption.

Create a filesystem with label of your choice:

# mkfs.ext2 -L cryptswap /dev/sdX# 1M

The unusual parameter after the device name limits the filesystem size to 1 MiB, leaving room for encrypted swap behind it.

# blkid /dev/sdX#

/dev/sdX#: LABEL="cryptswap" UUID="b72c384e-bd3c-49aa-b7a7-a28ea81a2605" TYPE="ext2"

With this, /dev/sdX# now can easily be identified either by UUID or LABEL, regardless of how its device name or even partition number might change in the future. All that is left are the /etc/crypttab and /etc/fstab entries. For example, using different encryption options:

/etc/crypttab

# <name> <device>         <password>    <options>
swap     LABEL=cryptswap  /dev/urandom  swap,offset=2048,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=512

Note the offset: it is 2048 sectors of 512 bytes, thus 1 MiB. This way the encrypted swap will not affect the filesystem LABEL/UUID, and data alignment works out as well.

/etc/fstab

# <filesystem>    <dir>  <type>  <options>  <dump>  <pass>
/dev/mapper/swap  none   swap    defaults   0       0

Using this setup, the cryptswap will only try to use the partition with the corresponding LABEL, regardless of what its device name may be. Should you decide to use the partition for something else, by formatting it the cryptswap LABEL would also be gone, so cryptswap will not overwrite it on your next boot.

Disabling hibernation in desktop environments

Desktop environments may not automatically detect that a swap partition is randomly encrypted and cannot be used for suspend-to-disk.

Xfce can be configured to hide its Hibernate button by running this command:

$ xfconf-query -c xfce4-session -np /shutdown/ShowHibernate -t bool -s false

With suspend-to-disk support

To be able to resume after suspending the computer to disk (hibernate), it is required to keep the swap space intact. Therefore, it is required to have a pre-existent LUKS swap partition or file, which can be stored on the disk or input manually at startup.

The following three methods are alternatives for setting up an encrypted swap for suspend-to-disk. If you apply any of them, be aware that critical data swapped out by the system may potentially stay in the swap over a long period (i.e. until it is overwritten). To reduce this risk consider setting up a system job which re-encrypts swap, e.g. each time the system is going into a regular shut-down, along with the method of your choice.

LVM on LUKS

If the swap volume is in a volume group that gets activated in initramfs, simply follow the instructions in Power management/Suspend and hibernate#Hibernation.

Using a swap partition

To resume from an encrypted swap partition, the encrypted partition must be unlocked in the initramfs.

When using the default busybox-based initramfs with the encrypt hook, follow the instructions in #mkinitcpio hook.
When using the systemd-based initramfs with the sd-encrypt mkinitcpio hook, simply specify additional rd.luks kernel parameters to unlock the swap partition.

mkinitcpio hook

This article or section is a candidate for merging with dm-crypt/Specialties#Multiple non-root partitions.

Notes: Same use case. (Discuss in Talk:Dm-crypt/Swap encryption)

Note: This section is only applicable when using the encrypt hook, which can only unlock a single device (FS#23182). With sd-encrypt multiple devices may be unlocked, see dm-crypt/System configuration#Using sd-encrypt hook.

If the swap device is on a different device from that of the root file system, it will not be opened by the encrypt hook, i.e. the resume will take place before /etc/crypttab can be used, therefore it is required to create a hook in /etc/mkinitcpio.conf to open the swap LUKS device before resuming.

If you want to use a partition which is currently used by the system, you have to disable it first:

# swapoff /dev/<device>

Also make sure you remove any line in /etc/crypttab pointing to this device.

If you are reusing an existing swap partition, and if the partition is on a GPT partition table, you will need use gdisk to set the partition attribute 63 "do not automount" on it. This will prevent systemd-gpt-auto-generator from discovering and enabling the partition at boot.

The following setup has the disadvantage of having to insert an additional passphrase for the swap partition manually on every boot.

Warning: Do not use this setup with a key file if /boot is unencrypted. Please read about the issue reported here. Alternatively, use a gnupg-encrypted keyfile as per https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=120181

To format the encrypted container for the swap partition, create a keyslot for a user-memorizable passphrase.

# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/<device>

Open the partition in /dev/mapper:

# cryptsetup open /dev/<device> swapDevice

Create a swap filesystem inside the mapped partition:

# mkswap /dev/mapper/swapDevice

Now you have to create a hook to open the swap at boot time. You can either install and configure mkinitcpio-openswap^AUR, or follow the following instructions. Create a hook file containing the open command:

/etc/initcpio/hooks/openswap

run_hook ()
{
    cryptsetup open /dev/<device> swapDevice
}

Warning: Mounting the file system is dangerous and destructive. The keyfile should not be read from a file system that was mounted when the system was suspended.

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: Add instructions that would not lead to data loss. (Discuss in Talk:Dm-crypt/Swap encryption)

for opening the swap device by typing your password or

/etc/initcpio/hooks/openswap

run_hook ()
{
    ## Optional: To avoid race conditions
    x=0;
    while [ ! -b /dev/mapper/<root-device> ] && [ $x -le 10 ]; do
       x=$((x+1))
       sleep .2
    done
    ## End of optional

    mkdir crypto_key_device
    mount /dev/mapper/<root-device> crypto_key_device
    cryptsetup open --key-file crypto_key_device/<path-to-the-key> /dev/<device> swapDevice
    umount crypto_key_device
}

for opening the swap device by loading a keyfile from a crypted root device.

On some computers race conditions may occur when mkinitcpio tries to mount the device before the decryption process and device enumeration is completed. The commented Optional block will delay the boot process up to 2 seconds until the root device is ready to mount.

Note: If swap is on a Solid State Disk (SSD) and Discard/TRIM is desired the option --allow-discards has to get added to the cryptsetup line in the openswap hook above. See Dm-crypt/Specialties#Discard/TRIM support for solid state drives (SSD) or SSD for more information on discard. Additionally you have to add the mount option 'discard' to your fstab entry for the swap device.

Then create and edit the hook setup file:

/etc/initcpio/install/openswap

build ()
{
   add_runscript
}
help ()
{
cat<<HELPEOF
  This opens the swap encrypted partition /dev/<device> in /dev/mapper/swapDevice
HELPEOF
}

Add the hook openswap in the HOOKS array in /etc/mkinitcpio.conf, before filesystem but after encrypt. Do not forget to add the resume hook after openswap.

HOOKS=(... encrypt openswap resume filesystems ...)

Regenerate the initramfs.

Add the mapped partition to /etc/fstab by adding the following line:

/dev/mapper/swapDevice swap swap defaults 0 0

Set up your system to resume from /dev/mapper/swapDevice. For example, if you use GRUB with kernel hibernation support, add the kernel parameter resume=/dev/mapper/swapDevice to GRUB by appending it to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT variable in /etc/default/grub. A kernel line with encrypted root and swap partitions can look like this:

kernel /vmlinuz-linux cryptdevice=/dev/sda2:rootDevice root=/dev/mapper/rootDevice resume=/dev/mapper/swapDevice ro

At boot time, the openswap hook will open the swap partition so the kernel resume may use it. If you use special hooks for resuming from hibernation, make sure they are placed after openswap in the HOOKS array. Please note that because of initrd opening swap, there is no entry for swapDevice in /etc/crypttab needed in this case.

Using a swap file

A swap file can be used to reserve swap-space within an existing partition and may also be setup inside an encrypted blockdevice's partition.

Follow swap file creation instructions in Swap#Swap file and set up hibernation according to Power management/Suspend and hibernate#Hibernation into swap file.

Note: When resuming from a swapfile the resume parameter must point to the unlocked/mapped device that contains the file system with the swap file.

Known Issues

Stopped (with error) /dev/dm-1 in logs. See systemd issue 1620.