HTTP tunneling

In networking, tunneling is using a protocol of higher level (in our case HTTP) to transport a lower level protocol (in our case TCP).

Creating the tunnel

Using corkscrew and HTTP CONNECT

To open the connection to the server running the SSH daemon we will use the HTTP CONNECT method which allows a client to connect to a server through an HTTP proxy by sending an HTTP CONNECT request to this proxy.

Note: If your proxy does not support the HTTP Connect method, see the other methods below.

For this we will use corkscrew, a tool for tunneling SSH through HTTP proxies available in the official repositories as corkscrew.

Opening an SSH connection is pretty simple:

ssh user@server -o "ProxyCommand corkscrew $proxy_ip_or_domain_name $proxy_port $destination_ip_or_domain_name $destination_port"

but that just opens a shell yet what we want is a SOCKS tunnel, so we do this:

ssh -ND $port user@server -o "ProxyCommand corkscrew $proxy_ip_or_domain_name $proxy_port $destination_ip_or_domain_name $destination_port"

which creates a SOCKS proxy on localhost:$port.

Tunneling Git

Restrictive corporate firewalls typically block the port that git uses. However, git can be made to tunnel through HTTP proxies using utilities such as corkscrew. When git sees the environment variable GIT_PROXY_COMMAND set, it will run the command in $GIT_PROXY_COMMAND and use the program's stdin and stdout, instead of a network socket.

Create a script file corkscrewtunnel.sh

#! /bin/bash
corkscrew proxyhost proxyport "$@"

Set GIT_PROXY_COMMAND

export GIT_PROXY_COMMAND=path-to-corkscrewtunnel.sh

Now, git should be able to tunnel successfully through the HTTP proxy.

Using httptunnel

httptunnel, available in the official repositories as httptunnel, creates a bidirectional virtual data connection tunneled in HTTP requests. The HTTP requests can be sent via an HTTP proxy if so desired. This can be useful for users behind restrictive firewalls. If WWW access is allowed through a HTTP proxy, it is possible to use httptunnel and, say, telnet or PPP to connect to a computer outside the firewall.

One limitation of httptunnel is it explicitly can not handle HTTPS.[1]

If you already have a web server listening on port 80 you are probably going to want to create a virtual host and tell your web server to proxy request to the hts server. This is not covered here.

If you do not have any web server listening on port 80 you can do:

on the server:

hts --forward-port localhost:22 80

on the client:

htc --forward-port 8888 example.net:80
ssh -ND user@localhost -p 8888

Note: As SSH thinks it is connecting to localhost it will not recognize the fingerprint and display a warning.

You can now use localhost:8888 as a SOCKS proxy.

Using proxytunnel

ProxyTunnel "is a program that connects stdin and stdout to a server somewhere on the network, through a standard HTTP(S) proxy". The proxy connection is used to tunnel another protocol, for example SSH through a HTTPS connection. It can be Installed with the proxytunnel package from the official repositories.

An example for using it with OpenSSH, to eventually connect to mybox.athome.nl, is having the following content:

$HOME/.ssh/config

Host foobar
	ProtocolKeepAlives 30
	ProxyCommand /path/to/proxytunnel -p proxy.customer.com:8080 -u user -s password -d mybox.athome.nl:443

Using openbsd-netcat

Install the openbsd-netcat package from the official repositories.

To open a connection using the openbsd netcat version:

$ ssh user@final_server -o "ProxyCommand=nc -X connect -x some-proxy:$proxy_port %h %p"

The OpenBSD netcat also supports SOCKS tunneling. See its manpage for more on the -X option.

Using the tunnel

See Proxy server#Using a SOCKS proxy.