GTK (简体中文)
摘自 GTK 官方网站：
- GTK，或称 GIMP Toolkit，是一个跨平台的图形界面开发库。该库提供一套完整的窗口部件，从一次性工具到大型应用都可使用。
GTK，即 GIMP Toolkit，最初由 GNU项目为 GIMP 开发，但现在它已经是一个非常流行的工具包，绑定了很多语言。本文将探讨 GTK 主题、风格、图标、字体和字号的配置工具，也会详细介绍手动配置。
安装
目前在官方仓库中有三个版本的 GTK。它们可以通过以下软件包来安装：
主题
GTK 3 的默认主题是 Adwaita，但也包含了 HighContrast 和 HighContrastInverse 主题。
GTK 2 的默认主题是 Raleigh, 但 Arch Linux 位于 /usr/share/gtk-2.0/gtkrc 的自定义配置文件将默认主题设为了 Adwaita。
若要强制指定主题，设定以下环境变量：
- 对于GTK 3，使用
GTK_THEME。 例如将 GNOME 计算器的主题设为Adwaita的暗色变体：
$ GTK_THEME=Adwaita:dark gnome-calculator
- To apply the above to desktop shortcuts (or launchers) see Desktop entries#Modify environment variables.
- Applications using libadwaita need special support and require setting the
GTK_THEMEenvironment variable if any GTK theme other than Adwaita or Adwaita-dark is desired.
- 对于GTK 2，使用
GTK2_RC_FILES. 例如将 GIMP 的主题设为Raleigh:
$ GTK2_RC_FILES=/usr/share/themes/Raleigh/gtk-2.0/gtkrc gimp
在官方软件仓库或AUR可以安装更多主题。可以在 ~/.themes/ 或 ~/.local/share/themes/ 目录中手动提取主题。
GTK 2 与 GTK 3 的主题支持：
- Adapta — An adaptive GTK theme based on Material Design Guidelines. Includes: Adapta, Adapta-Eta, Adapta-Nokto, Adapta-Nokto-Eta
- Arc — A flat theme with a modern look and transparent elements. Includes: Arc, Arc-Dark, Arc-Darker
- https://github.com/jnsh/arc-theme || with transparency: arc-gtk-theme, without transparency: arc-solid-gtk-theme
- Bluebird — Blue Desktop Suite for Xfce.
- Breeze — GTK version of KDE's default widget theme. Includes: Breeze, Breeze-Dark
- Deepin — Default theme for the Deepin desktop. Includes: deepin, deepin-dark
- GNOME Extra Themes — Extra themes for the GNOME desktop. Includes: Adwaita, Adwaita-dark, HighContrast
- Greybird — A grey and blue Xfce theme, used by default in Xubuntu 12.04.
- Materia — A Material Design-like flat theme for GTK3, GTK2, and GNOME-Shell.
- MATE Themes — Default themes for the MATE desktop. Includes: BlackMATE, Blue-Submarine, BlueMenta, ContrastHighInverse, Green-Submarine, GreenLaguna, Menta, TraditionalGreen, TraditionalOk
- Numix — A flat and light theme with a modern look (GNOME, Openbox, Unity, Xfce). Includes: Numix
- Vertex — Theme for GTK 3, GTK 2, Gnome-Shell and Cinnamon.
- Zuki — Themes for GTK, gnome-shell and more.
AUR中还有很多 GTK 主题，例如：搜索 gtk-theme。
GTK 与 QT
同时在系统上安装GTK和QT（通常是KDE组件）程序的人都知道，两者的外观并不怎么协调。关于两者外观统一的问题，参见：协调QT和GTK程序的外观。
配置工具
大部分主流桌面环境都提供配置 GTK 主题、图标、字体和字体尺寸的工具，并使用 XSettings 管理这些设置：
- 如果使用 Cinnamon, use Themes tool (cinnamon-settings themes): go to System Settings > Themes.
- 如果使用 Enlightenment: go to Settings > All > Look > Application Theme.
- 如果使用 GNOME, use GNOME Tweaks (gnome-tweaks): install gnome-tweaks.
- 如果使用 MATE, use the Appearance Preferences tool (mate-appearance-properties): go to System > Settings > Appearance.
- 如果使用 Xfce, use the Appearance tool: go to Settings > Appearance.
其他 GUI 工具通常会覆写配置文件。
同时支持 GTK 2 与 GTK 3 的：
- KDE GTK Configurator — Application that allows you to change style and font of GTK 2 and GTK 3 applications.
- https://invent.kde.org/plasma/kde-gtk-config || kde-gtk-config
- After installation,
kde-gtk-configcan be found in System Settings > Appearance > Application Style > Configure GNOME/GTK Application Style.
- LXAppearance — Desktop independent GTK 2 and GTK 3 style configuration tool from the LXDE project (it does not require other parts of the LXDE desktop).
- Oo-mox — Graphical application for generating different color variations of Numix and Flat-Plat themes (GTK 2 and 3), Archdroid and Gnome-Colors icon themes. Also allows generating pre-scaled GTK 2 themes for HiDPI displays.
只支持 GTK 2 的：
- GTK Change Theme — Little program that lets you change your GTK 2.0 theme (considered a better alternative to switch2).
- GTK Preference Tool — GTK theme selector and font switcher.
- GTK Theme Switch — Simple GTK theme switcher.
配置
GTK settings can be specified manually in configuration files, but desktop environments and applications can override these settings. Depending on GTK version, these files are located at:
- GTK 2 user specific:
~/.gtkrc-2.0 - GTK 2 system wide:
/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc - GTK 3 user specific:
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/gtk-3.0/settings.ini, or$HOME/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.iniif$XDG_CONFIG_HOMEis not set - GTK 3 system wide:
/etc/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
- See the GTK4 and GTK3 GtkSettings properties (and GTK 2 properties) in the GTK programming reference manual for the full list of currently supported GTK configuration options.
- Some of the settings described below (such as
gtk-icon-sizes) are deprecated and ignored since GTK 3.10. - If you edit your GTK configuration files, only newly started applications will display the changes.
基本主题配置
To manually change the GTK theme, icons, font and font size, add the following to the configuration files, for example:
- GTK 2:
~/.gtkrc-2.0
gtk-icon-theme-name = "Adwaita" gtk-theme-name = "Adwaita" gtk-font-name = "DejaVu Sans 11"
- GTK 3:
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-icon-theme-name = Adwaita gtk-theme-name = Adwaita gtk-font-name = DejaVu Sans 11
If the theme is not applied for GTK 3, use gsettings in addition:
$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface gtk-theme Pop
index.theme.深色版主题
有些 GTK 3 的主题包含深色版本, 但只有应用程序明确要求时才会使用. 要在所有 GTK 3 程序中应用深色模式, 请使用以下配置:
gtk-application-prefer-dark-theme = true
For GTK 4, use:
$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface color-scheme prefer-dark
键盘快捷键
把鼠标放在某个菜单项，然后按下某个按键组合，即可修改该项目的快捷键。不过，该功能默认是关闭的。启用方法是使用以下配置：
gtk-can-change-accels = 1
Emacs 按键绑定
To have Emacs-like key bindings in GTK applications add the following:
~/.gtkrc-2.0
gtk-key-theme-name = "Emacs"
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-key-theme-name = Emacs
For GTK3 also run:
$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface gtk-key-theme "Emacs"
XFCE has a similar setting:
$ xfconf-query -c xsettings -p /Gtk/KeyThemeName -s Emacs
The configuration files in /usr/share/themes/Emacs/ determine what the Emacs bindings are, and can be changed. Copying sections to the users ~/.gtkrc-2.0 file allows for changes on a per user basis.
GNOME 菜单延迟
鼠标指向菜单与菜单显示之间有一定延迟，通过以下设置调整延迟时间（以毫秒为单位）：
gtk-menu-popup-delay = 0
缩小窗口部件
如果屏幕很小，不喜欢过大的图标和窗口部件，可以调整其尺寸。
若要让工具栏仅显示图标而不显示文字（valid values）：
gtk-toolbar-style = GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS
若要显示小图标：
gtk-icon-sizes = "panel-menu=16,16:panel=16,16:gtk-menu=16,16:gtk-large-toolbar=16,16\ :gtk-small-toolbar=16,16:gtk-button=16,16"
若要移除按钮上的图标：
gtk-button-images = 0
若要移除菜单上的图标：
gtk-menu-images = 0
隐藏 CSD 按钮
To remove the client-side decorations (CSD)[3] minimize and maximize buttons from gtk3 windows:
gtk-decoration-layout=menu:close
See GTK docs.
禁用鼠标中键粘贴
To turn off pasting on middle mouse button click (aka PRIMARY):
gtk-enable-primary-paste=false
文件选择器启动时的初始位置
Open the file-chooser within the current working directory and not the recent location. Normally the current working directory is the Home directory.
GTK 3
Change setting with the following command:
$ gsettings set org.gtk.Settings.FileChooser startup-mode cwd
GTK 2
Add the following to ~/.config/gtk-2.0/gtkfilechooser.ini:
StartupMode=cwd
Legacy scrolling behavior
Prior to GTK 3.6, clicking on either side of the slider in the scrollbar would move the scrollbar in the direction of the click by approximately one page. Since GTK 3.6, the slider will move directly to the position of the click. This behaviour can be reverted in some applications by creating the file with the content below:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-primary-button-warps-slider = false
Disable overlay scrollbars
Since GTK 3.15, overlay scrollbars are enabled by default, meaning that scrollbars will be shown only on mouseover in GTK 3 applications. This behavior can be reverted by setting the following environment variable: GTK_OVERLAY_SCROLLING=0. See Environment variables#Graphical environment.
Alternatively, overlay scrollbars can be disabled in the GTK 3 settings since GTK 3.24.9. To do so, the value of gtk-overlay-scrolling has to be set to false in the [Settings] section of the settings file:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-overlay-scrolling = false
GTK 4 will no longer support GTK_OVERLAY_SCROLLING. It has already been dropped from master. As of GTK 4, the overlay nature of the scrollbars is part of the toolkit. The blanket toggle has been removed to prevent developers from breaking applications that have not been tested with both combinations. To allow application developers to decide what their applications should look like, the toolkit instead provides a mechanism to opt-out or add a setting for users. The function gtk_scrolled_window_set_overlay_scrolling() can be used to enable/disable overlay scrolling on a per-application basis. Application developers can optionally use GSettings to have a user setting bound to the property.
Remove overlay scroll indicators
The positions of the overlay scrollbars are indicated by thin dashed lines in the application window. These dashed lines will be present even when overlay scrolling is disabled using the environment variable discussed in the section above. To remove the indicator lines, create the following file:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css
/* Remove dotted lines from GTK 3 applications */
undershoot.top, undershoot.right, undershoot.bottom, undershoot.left { background-image: none; }
示例
GTK example configurations:
~/.gtkrc-2.0
gtk-theme-name="Arc-Dark" gtk-icon-theme-name="breeze-dark" gtk-font-name="Sans 11" gtk-cursor-theme-name="Breeze_Amber" gtk-cursor-theme-size=0 gtk-toolbar-style=GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH_HORIZ gtk-toolbar-icon-size=GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR gtk-button-images=0 gtk-menu-images=0 gtk-enable-event-sounds=0 gtk-enable-input-feedback-sounds=0 gtk-xft-antialias=1 gtk-xft-hinting=1 gtk-xft-hintstyle="hintslight" gtk-xft-rgba="rgb"
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-theme-name=Arc-Dark gtk-icon-theme-name=breeze-dark gtk-font-name=Sans 11 gtk-cursor-theme-name=Breeze_Amber gtk-cursor-theme-size=0 gtk-toolbar-style=GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH_HORIZ gtk-toolbar-icon-size=GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR gtk-button-images=0 gtk-menu-images=0 gtk-enable-event-sounds=0 gtk-enable-input-feedback-sounds=0 gtk-xft-antialias=1 gtk-xft-hinting=1 gtk-xft-hintstyle=hintslight gtk-xft-rgba=rgb # gtk-decoration-layout=menu:close # gtk-application-prefer-dark-theme=1
GDK 后端
GDK（GTK 的底层抽象层）支持多个后端显示 GTK 应用。
Wayland 后端
The GDK Wayland backend is supported only by gtk3 and is the default backend when using Wayland display server.
Applications that use versions of GTK prior to gtk3 do not have wayland support, and need to use Xwayland in order to run on a wayland session using the X11 backend.
Xorg 后端
If Xorg display server is in use, the backend defaults to x11 automatically.
It is possible to force GTK3 applications running on a wayland session to use the X11 backend through Xwayland by setting the environment variable GDK_BACKEND=x11.
Broadway 后端
The GDK Broadway backend provides support for displaying GTK applications in a web browser, using HTML5 and web sockets. [4]
When using broadwayd, specify the display number to use, prefixed with a colon, similar to X. The default display number is 0 (zero).
$ display_number=:5
Start it.
$ broadwayd $display_number
Port used by default
port = 8080 + $display_number
Point your browser to http://127.0.0.1:port
To Start applications
$ GDK_BACKEND=broadway BROADWAY_DISPLAY=$display_number <<application>>
Alternatively can set address and port
$ broadwayd --port $port_number --address $address $display_number
疑难解答
Different themes between GTK 2 and GTK 3 applications
In general, if a selected theme has support for both GTK 2 and GTK 3, the theme will be applied to all GTK 2 and GTK 3 applications. If a selected theme has support for only GTK 2, it will be used for GTK 2 applications and the default GTK theme will be used for GTK 3 applications. If the selected theme has support for only GTK 3, it will be used for GTK 3 applications and the default GTK theme will be used for GTK 2 applications. Thus for application theme consistency, it is best to use a theme which has support for both GTK 2 and GTK 3.
You could find what themes installed on your system have both an GTK 2 and GTK 3 version by using this command (does not work with names containing spaces):
find $(find ~/.themes /usr/share/themes/ -wholename "*/gtk-3.0" | sed -e "s/^\(.*\)\/gtk-3.0$/\1/") -wholename "*/gtk-2.0" | sed -e "s/.*\/\(.*\)\/gtk-2.0/\1"/
Theme not applied to root applications
As user theme files ($XDG_CONFIG_HOME/gtk-3.0/settings.ini, ~/.gtkrc-2.0) are not read by other accounts, the selected theme will not apply to X applications run as root. Possible solutions include:
- Create symlinks, e.g
# ln -s /home/[username]/.gtkrc-2.0 /etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc # ln -s /home/[username]/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini /etc/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
- Configure system-wide theme files:
/etc/gtk-3.0/settings.ini(GTK 3) or/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc(GTK 2) - Adjust the theme as root
# lxappearance
- Use a settings daemon (this is what most desktop environments do). A desktop-agnostic variant using XSettings is available in the AUR under xsettingsd-gitAUR.
Client-side decorations
GTK 3.12 introduced client-side decorations, which move the title-bar away from the window manager. This may present issues such as double title-bars, no title-bar at all, double shadows with compositing enabled, or being unable to move a frozen application.
To remove the shadow and gap around windows (for example in combination with a tiling window manager), create the following file:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css
.window-frame, .window-frame:backdrop {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 black;
border-style: none;
margin: 0;
border-radius: 0;
}
.titlebar {
border-radius: 0;
}
.window-frame.csd.popup {
box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13);
}
.header-bar {
background-image: none;
background-color: #ededed;
box-shadow: none;
}
/* You may want to use this if you don't like the double title.
GtkLabel.title {
opacity: 0;
}*/
Note that if visual problems persist, you may want to use the GTK Inspector to find the offending elements as explained here [5].
To adjust the buttons in the header bar, use the gtk-decoration-layout setting. [6] The below examples removes all buttons:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
gtk-decoration-layout=menu:
To remove client-side decorations altogether, it's possible to use a patched library like gtk3-classicAUR or gtk3-nocsd-gitAUR.
cedilla ç/Ç instead of ć/Ć
See [7], and [8] for a workaround using Xcompose (US international layout).
Suppress warning about accessibility bus
If you do not use any Gnome Accessibility features, you may receive warnings like:
WARNING **: Couldn't connect to accessibility bus:
To suppress these warnings, execute programs with NO_AT_BRIDGE=1 or set that as a global environment variable.
Titlebar background color mismatch
If you are using a window manager which uses a window decoration theme that mimics the GTK theme background color, you may find that the titlebar color no longer completely matches the application color in some GTK 3 applications. As a workaround, create the following file:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css
/* Always use background color */
GtkWindow {
background-color: @theme_bg_color;
}
/* Fix tooltip background override */
.tooltip {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
}
.tooltip * {
background-color: transparent;
}
/* Fix Nautilus desktop window background override */
NautilusWindow {
background-color: transparent;
}
Wrong focus events with tiling window managers
Define GDK_CORE_DEVICE_EVENTS=1 to use GTK2 style input, instead of xinput2. [10]
Thumbnail support for GTK file dialog
Install gtk2-patched-filechooser-icon-viewAUR and gtk3-patched-filechooser-icon-viewAUR to have the option to view files as thumbnails instead of list in the GTK file chooser.
For some applications in GNOME's Wayland session. Your ~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini file is misconfigured. This can happen if you try other GTK based desktop environments. These are the offending values:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-button-images=1 gtk-menu-images=1
Simply set them to 0 or remove the whole file to use GNOME defaults.
GTK 3 without polkit
GTK3 depends on polkit through colord, which is required for printing. However printing works fine without polkit installed; at least with a monochrome printer and package versions gtk3-print-backends=3.22.19-2 and colord=1.4.1-1.
Some GTK 2 themes only change the UI color palette
Depending on the theme of choice's support for GTK 2, UI controls may still have the default Raleigh appearance, possibly with a different color palette. This is due to these themes requiring the GTK 2 Murrine engine, which is missing (GTK 2 programs should complain about it on their standard error output). Install the gtk-engine-murrine package.
Patching GTK file chooser to use regular type ahead
GTK file chooser uses the same type-ahead-find feature as GNOME/Files. This can be very jarring and does not fit in very well with other desktop enviroments.
Some applications support XDG-desktop-portal which allows application to use the native file chooser. If that does not work you can restore type-ahead functionality by using a patched GTK, for example gtk3-classicAUR.
Text in GTK 4 applications is blurry or renders incorrectly
GTK 4 switched to grayscale antialiasing without hinting when rendering fonts. A setting is available that will restore some of the GTK 3 behavior [11]. Subpixel antialiasing is not available.
~/.config/gtk-4.0/settings.ini
[Settings] gtk-hint-font-metrics=1