udev (简体中文)
udev 是一个用户空间的设备管理器，用于为事件设置处理程序。作为守护进程， udev 接收的事件主要由 linux 内核生成，这些事件是外部设备产生的物理事件。总之， udev 探测外设和热插拔，将设备控制权传递给内核，例如加载内核模块或设备固件。
作为 devfsd 和 hotplug 的替代品， udev 还负责管理 /dev 中的设备节点，即添加、链接和重命名，因此也取代了 hotplug 和 hwdetect 。
与传统的顺序加载相比，udev 通过并行加载内核模块提供了潜在的性能优势。并行加载模块也有一个缺点：无法保证每次加载模块的顺序，如果存在多个块设备，那么它们的设备节点可能随机变化。例如如果有两个硬盘， /dev/sda 在下次启动后可能变成 /dev/sdb 。本文后面有更详细的信息。
安装
Udev 现在是 systemd 的组成部分，默认已安装。有关信息请查阅 systemd-udevd.service(8) 的手册页。
AUR 里有一个独立的 Udev 派生版：eudev。
udev 规则
udev 规则以管理员身份编写并保存在 /etc/udev/rules.d/ 目录，其文件名必须以 .rules 结尾。各种软件包提供的规则文件位于 /lib/udev/rules.d/。如果 /usr/lib 和 /etc 这两个目录中有同名文件，则 /etc 中的文件优先。
编写 udev 规则
mount 命令的方法。对 FUSE 文件系统将会导致 Transport endpoint not connected 错误。应代之以 udisks 以正确处理自动挂载。或者把挂载动作放在 udev 规则内部：
将 /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-udevd.service 复制到 /etc/systemd/system/systemd-udevd.service，将 MountFlags=slave 替换为 MountFlags=shared。（来源）
- 要想学习写udev规则，请访问编写 udev 规则。
- 要想查看 udev 规则的例子，请查阅上述文章的 范例 章节。
下面是一个规则的实例，给出的是当接入一个摄像头时创建一个符号链接 /dev/video-cam1 。首先，我们发现摄像头被接入并且被挂载为 /dev/video2 设备。写下这条规则的原因是由于下一次引导时这个设备可能会有个不同的名字，比如 /dev/video0。
# udevadm info -a -p $(udevadm info -q path -n /dev/video2)
Udevadm info starts with the device specified by the devpath and then walks up the chain of parent devices. It prints for every device found, all possible attributes in the udev rules key format. A rule to match, can be composed by the attributes of the device and the attributes from one single parent device.
looking at device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.1/usb3/3-2/3-2:1.0/video4linux/video2':
KERNEL=="video2"
SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux"
...
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.1/usb3/3-2/3-2:1.0':
KERNELS=="3-2:1.0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
...
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.1/usb3/3-2':
KERNELS=="3-2"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
...
ATTRS{idVendor}=="05a9"
...
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="OmniVision Technologies, Inc."
ATTRS{removable}=="unknown"
ATTRS{idProduct}=="4519"
ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="00"
ATTRS{product}=="USB Camera"
...
From the video4linux device we use KERNEL=="video2" and SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", then we match the webcam using vendor and product ID's from the usb parent SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="05a9" and ATTRS{idProduct}=="4519".
/etc/udev/rules.d/83-webcam.rules
KERNEL=="video[0-9]*", SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="05a9", ATTRS{idProduct}=="4519", SYMLINK+="video-cam1"
In the example above we create a symlink using SYMLINK+="video-cam1" but we could easily set user OWNER="john" or group using GROUP="video" or set the permissions using MODE="0660". However, if you intend to write a rule to do something when a device is being removed, be aware that device attributes may not be accessible. In this case, you will have to work with preset device environment variables. To monitor those environment variables, execute the following command while unplugging your device:
# udevadm monitor --environment --udev
In this command's output, you will see value pairs such as ID_VENDOR_ID and ID_MODEL_ID, which match your previously used attributes "idVendor" and "idProduct". A rule that uses device environment variables may look like this:
/etc/udev/rules.d/83-webcam-removed.rules
ACTION=="remove", SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}=="05a9", ENV{ID_MODEL_ID}=="4519", RUN+="/path/to/your/script"
列出设备属性
要列出所有设备的属性以用来编写规则的话，运行下面的命令：
# udevadm info -a -n [device name]
将 [device name] 替换为系统中存在的设备，比如 /dev/sda 或 /dev/ttyUSB0。
如果你不知道设备名，你也可以列出某个系统路径的属性：
# udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0
加载前测试规则
# udevadm test $(udevadm info -q path -n [device name]) 2>&1
这不会运行你的规则中的所有命令，但会处理已有设备的符号连接，如果你不能加载它们这也许会变得方便。也可以直接输入你测试的设备路径：
# udevadm test /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/
加载新规则
Udev 自动侦测规则文件的变化，所以修改会立即生效，无需重启 udev。但已接入设备的规则不会自动触发。像 USB 这类热插拔设备也许需要重新插拔才能使新规则生效，也可能需要卸载并重载内核的 ohci-hcd 和 ehci-hcd 模块以重新挂载所有 USB 设备。
如果规则自动重载失败
# udevadm control --reload
可以手工强制触发规则
# udevadm trigger
Udisks
参阅 Udisks.
提示与技巧
访问固件编程器（烧录器）和 USB 虚拟串行设备
下列规则允许 group 组用户访问 USBtinyISP（用于 AVR 微控制器的 USB 接口编程器）：
/etc/udev/rules.d/50-usbtinyisp.rules
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="1781", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0c9f", GROUP="users", MODE="0660"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="16c0", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0479", GROUP="users", MODE="0660"
用 lsusb 命令可获取其他种类设备的厂商 ID 和产品 ID。
VGA 线缆接入时执行规则
创建包含下列内容的规则文件 /etc/udev/rules.d/95-monitor-hotplug.rules ，可以在 VGA 线缆插入时执行 arandr：
KERNEL=="card0", SUBSYSTEM=="drm", ENV{DISPLAY}=":0", ENV{XAUTHORITY}="/home/username/.Xauthority", RUN+="/usr/bin/arandr"
$ printenv XAUTHORITY
/run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority
侦测新的 eSATA 设备
If your eSATA drive is not detected when you plug it in, there are a few things you can try. You can reboot with the eSATA plugged in. Or you could try
# echo 0 0 0 | tee /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/scan
Or you could install scsiaddAUR (from the AUR) and try
# scsiadd -s
Hopefully, your drive is now in /dev. If it is not, you could try the above commands while running
# udevadm monitor
to see if anything is actually happening.
将内置 SATA 接口标记为 eSATA
If you connected a eSATA bay or an other eSATA adapter the system will still recognize this disk as an internal SATA drive. GNOME and KDE will ask you for your root password all the time. The following rule will mark the specified SATA-Port as an external eSATA-Port. With that, a normal GNOME user can connect their eSATA drives to that port like a USB drive, without any root password and so on.
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-esata.rules
DEVPATH=="/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host4/*", ENV{UDISKS_SYSTEM}="0"
DEVPATH can be found after connection the eSATA drive with the following commands (replace sdb accordingly):
# udevadm info -q path -n /dev/sdb /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host4/target4:0:0/4:0:0:0/block/sdb
# find /sys/devices/ -name sdb /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host4/target4:0:0/4:0:0:0/block/sdb
设置静态设备名
由于 udev 异步加载所有模块，使得它们被初始化的次序不同。这将导致设备会随机改变名称。可以添加一条 udev 规则使得设备使用静态名称。
对于块设备和网络设备的规则配置，请分别参阅 块设备持久化命名 和网络配置-设备命名。
视频设备
For setting up the webcam in the first place, refer to Webcam configuration[损坏的链接：无效的章节].
Using multiple webcams, useful for example with motion (software motion detector which grabs images from video4linux devices and/or from webcams), will assign video devices as /dev/video0..n randomly on boot. The recommended solution is to create symlinks using an udev rule (as in the example in #编写 udev 规则：
/etc/udev/rules.d/83-webcam.rules
KERNEL=="video[0-9]*", SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="05a9", ATTRS{idProduct}=="4519", SYMLINK+="video-cam1"
KERNEL=="video[0-9]*", SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="046d", ATTRS{idProduct}=="08f6", SYMLINK+="video-cam2"
KERNEL=="video[0-9]*", SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="046d", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0840", SYMLINK+="video-cam3"
/dev/video* will break preloading of v4l1compat.so and perhaps v4l2convert.so
打印机
If you use multiple printers, /dev/lp[0-9] devices will be assigned randomly on boot, which will break e.g. CUPS configuration.
You can create following rule, which will create symlinks under /dev/lp/by-id and /dev/lp/by-path, similar to Persistent block device naming scheme:
/etc/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-printer.rules
ACTION=="remove", GOTO="persistent_printer_end"
# This should not be necessary
#KERNEL!="lp*", GOTO="persistent_printer_end"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", IMPORT{builtin}="usb_id"
ENV{ID_TYPE}!="printer", GOTO="persistent_printer_end"
ENV{ID_SERIAL}=="?*", SYMLINK+="lp/by-id/$env{ID_BUS}-$env{ID_SERIAL}"
IMPORT{builtin}="path_id"
ENV{ID_PATH}=="?*", SYMLINK+="lp/by-path/$env{ID_PATH}"
LABEL="persistent_printer_end"
唤醒挂起的 USB 设备
First, find vendor and product ID of your device, for example
# lsusb | grep Logitech
Bus 007 Device 002: ID 046d:c52b Logitech, Inc. Unifying Receiver
Now change the power/wakeup attribute of the device and the USB controller it is connected to, which is in this case driver/usb7/power/wakeup. Use the following rule:
/etc/udev/rules.d/50-wake-on-device.rules
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="046d", ATTRS{idProduct}=="c52b", ATTR{power/wakeup}="enabled", ATTR{driver/usb7/power/wakeup}="enabled"
/proc/acpi/wakeup.触发事件
It can be useful to trigger various udev events. For example, you might want to simulate a USB device disconnect on a remote machine. In such cases, use udevadm trigger:
# udevadm trigger -v -t subsystems -c remove -s usb -a "idVendor=abcd"
This command will trigger a USB remove event on all USB devices with vendor ID abcd.
触发 udev 规则事件的桌面提示
Invoking an external script containing calls to notify-send via udev can sometimes be challenging since the notification(s) never display on the Desktop. Here is an example of what commands and environmental variables need to be included in which files for notify-send to successfully be executed from a udev rule. NOTE: a number of variables are hardcoded in this example, thus consider making them portable (i.e., $USER rather than user's shortname) once you understand the example.
1) The following udev rule executes a script that plays a notification sound and sends a desktop notification when screen brightness is changed according to power state on a laptop. Create the file:
/etc/udev/rules.d/99-backlight_notification.rules
Play a notification sound and send a desktop notification when screen brightness is changed according to power state on a laptop (a second ''udev'' rule actually changes the screen brightness)
# Rule for when switching to battery
ACTION=="change", SUBSYSTEM=="power_supply", ATTR{type}=="Mains", ATTR{online}=="0", ENV{DISPLAY}=":0", ENV{XAUTHORITY}="/home/USERNAME/.Xauthority" RUN+="/usr/bin/su USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS -c /usr/local/bin/brightness_notification.sh"
# Rule for when switching to AC
ACTION=="change", SUBSYSTEM=="power_supply", ATTR{type}=="Mains", ATTR{online}=="1", ENV{DISPLAY}=":0", ENV{XAUTHORITY}="/home/USERNAME/.Xauthority" RUN+="/usr/bin/su USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS -c /usr/local/bin/brightness_notification.sh"
Note: 1) USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS and USERNAME need to be changed to that of the shortname for the user of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed and 2) the script needs to be executed with /usr/bin/su, which will place its ownership under the user of the graphical session (rather than root/the system) where the notification will be displayed.
2) Contents of the executable script to be run on trigger of the udev rule:
/usr/local/bin/brightness_notification.sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash export XAUTHORITY=/home/USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS/.Xauthority export DISPLAY=:0 export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=/run/user/UID_OF_USER_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS/bus" /usr/bin/sudo -u USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS /usr/bin/paplay --server /run/user/UID_OF_USER_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS/pulse/native /home/USERNAME/.i3/sounds/Click1.wav > /dev/null 2>&1 /usr/bin/notify-send -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/256x256/status/battery-full-charging.png 'Changing Power States' --expire-time=4000
Note: 1) USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS, UID_OF_USER_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS and USERNAME needs to be changed to that of the shortname for the user and user's UID of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed; 2) /usr/bin/sudo is needed when playing audio via pulseaudio; and, 3) three environmental variables (i.e., XAUTHORITY, DISPLAY and DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS) for the user of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed need to be defined and exported.
XAUTHORITY, DISPLAY and DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variables must be defined correctly.3) Load/reload the new udev rule (see above) and test it by unplugging the power supply to the laptop.
IMPORT key.排错
屏蔽模块
极个别情况下，udev 也会犯错或加载错误的模块。为了防止错误的发生，你可以使用模块禁用列表。只要模块加入该列表，无论是启动时，或者是运行时（如usb硬盘等）udev都不会加载这些模块。参见blacklisting.
Debug output
To get hardware debug info, use the kernel parameter udev.log-priority=debug. Alternatively you can set
/etc/udev/udev.conf
udev_log="debug"
This option can also be compiled into your initramfs by adding the config file to your FILES array
/etc/mkinitcpio.conf
FILES="... /etc/udev/udev.conf"
and then rebuilding the initramfs with
# mkinitcpio -p linux
udevd 引导时挂起
After migrating to LDAP or updating an LDAP-backed system udevd can hang at boot at the message "Starting UDev Daemon". This is usually caused by udevd trying to look up a name from LDAP but failing, because the network is not up yet. The solution is to ensure that all system group names are present locally.
Extract the group names referenced in udev rules and the group names actually present on the system:
# fgrep -r GROUP /etc/udev/rules.d/ /usr/lib/udev/rules.d | perl -nle '/GROUP\s*=\s*"(.*?)"/ && print $1;' | sort | uniq > udev_groups # cut -f1 -d: /etc/gshadow /etc/group | sort | uniq > present_groups
To see the differences, do a side-by-side diff:
# diff -y present_groups udev_groups ... network < nobody < ntp < optical optical power | pcscd rfkill < root root scanner scanner smmsp < storage storage ...
In this case, the pcscd group is for some reason not present in the system. Add the missing groups. Also, make sure that local resources are looked up before resorting to LDAP. /etc/nsswitch.conf should contain the following line:
group: files ldap
BusLogic
BusLogic 设备被损坏而且导致启动时死机。这是一个内核的Bug目前还没有修正。
一些移动设备不可移除
创建自定义 udev 规则，设置 UDISKS_SYSTEM_INTERNAL=0。参见 udisks 手册。
声音问题和一些不能自动加载的模块
一些用户发现 /etc/modprobe.d/sound.conf 中的遗留配置会引起这些问题，请清理配置并重试。
udev>=171 开始 OSS 模拟模块(snd_seq_oss, snd_pcm_oss, snd_mixer_oss) 默认不会自动装载。IDE CD/DVD 驱动器的支持
Starting with version 170, udev does not support CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drives that are loaded as traditional IDE drives with the ide_cd_mod module and show up as /dev/hd*. The drive remains usable for tools which access the hardware directly, like cdparanoia, but is invisible for higher userspace programs, like KDE.
A cause for the loading of the ide_cd_mod module prior to others, like sr_mod, could be e.g. that you have for some reason the module piix loaded with your initramfs. In that case you can just replace it with ata_piix in your /etc/mkinitcpio.conf.
光驱被标识为磁盘
If the group ID of your optical drive is set to disk and you want to have it set to optical, you have to create a custom udev rule:
/etc/udev/rules.d
# permissions for IDE CD devices
SUBSYSTEMS=="ide", KERNEL=="hd[a-z]", ATTR{removable}=="1", ATTRS{media}=="cdrom*", GROUP="optical"
# permissions for SCSI CD devices
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="s[rg][0-9]*", ATTRS{type}=="5", GROUP="optical"