Stunnel
stunnel (“Secure Tunnel”) is a
- cross-platform application used to provide a universal TLS/SSL tunneling service. It is sort of proxy designed to add TLS encryption functionality to existing clients and servers without any changes in the programs' code. It is designed for security, portability, and scalability (including load-balancing), making it suitable for large deployments. It uses OpenSSL, and distributed under GNU GPL version 2 or later with OpenSSL exception.
Can tunnel only TCP packets. Its FAQ has some work around for UDP. WireGuard also has UDP capabilities.
Authentication can also be used by the server to allow access only to approved clients.
Installation
Install stunnel from official repositories.
Depending on your usage, you might also Systemd#Editing provided units to better Systemd#Handling dependencies. In order for the stunnel to start up automatically at system boot you must enable it.
Setup
The main configuration file is read from /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf. It is an ini-style file. It is composed from a global section, followed by one, or more, service sections.
A client is one to accept non TLS encrypted data. Stunnel will TLS encrypts its data and connects to the stunnel server. The stunnel server accepts TLS encrypted data and extracts it. It then connects to where the data should be sent to.
The default debug value is 5, which is very verbose. After verifying correct operation, it is worth explicitly setting lower value in the configuration file.
/etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf
debug = 3
For better security, it is advised to explicitly set an appropriate uid and gid, other then root, for the global section and the per service sections. The configuration tokens setuid and setgid are available for this purpose.
Byte order mark (BOM)
The configuration file should have a UTF-8 byte order mark (BOM), at the beginning of the file. A BOM is the unicode character U+FEFF. Its UTF-8 representation is the (hexadecimal) byte sequence 0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF. Creating a file with these bytes at its beginning can be done by
# echo -e '\xef\xbb\xbf; BOM composed of non printable characters. It is here, before the semicolon!' > /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf
To test if those bytes appear, one can use
% od --address-radix=n --format=x1c --read-bytes=8 /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf ef bb bf 3b 20 42 4f 4d 357 273 277 ; B O M
Note that when printing the file to the screen, such as with cat, or when editing the file with a text editor, the BOM bytes are usually not displayed. They should be there, though. Which is why you might want to verify that they are still there after editing is completed with the above od, or similar, command.
Authentication
At least one of the client and the server, and optionally both, should be authenticated. Either a pre shared secret, or a key and certificate pair, can be used for authentication. A pre shared secret has to be transferred to all involved machines a priory by other means, such as SCP and SFTP. When such transfer is acceptable, pre shared key is the fastest method. Its speed might help mitigating attacks. A simple configuration for a single server with a single client that are using a pre shared secret is:
client:/etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf
; BOM composed of non printable characters. It is here, before the semicolon! setuid = stunnel setgid = stunnel [trivial client] client = yes accept = 127.0.0.1:<src_port> connect = <server_host>:<server_port> debug = 3 PSKsecrets = /etc/stunnel/psk.txt setuid = stunnel setgid = stunnel
server:/etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf
; BOM composed of non printable characters. It is here, before the semicolon! setuid = stunnel setgid = stunnel [trivial server] accept = <server_port> connect = <dst_port> ciphers = PSK debug = 3 PSKsecrets = /etc/stunnel/psk.txt setuid = stunnel setgid = stunnel
where /etc/stunnel/psk.txt could be created on one machine by
# openssl rand -base64 -out /etc/stunnel/psk.txt 180 # sed --in-place '1s/^/psk:/' /etc/stunnel/psk.txt
and copied to the other machine by secure means before starting stunnel. The permissions for each psk.txt file should be set appropriately. The psk string from the sed command is just a random name for the sake of the example. Do read stunnel(8).
Tips and Tricks
DNS over TLS
BIND does not offer builtin facilities for encryption of queries and answers. Bind knowledge base suggests using stunnel. See https://kb.isc.org/docs/aa-01386. The link mentions unbound at the bottom of the page. A user that have only shell accounts on both the client and the server can still tunnel DNS traffic even when both the resolver and the NS do not support DNS over TLS.
Encrypting NFSv4 with Stunnel TLS
See Encrypting NFSv4 with Stunnel TLS