Openbox (简体中文)
Openbox 是一个轻量、强大且高度可定制的堆叠式窗口管理器，它支持大量扩展标准。它可以单独作为某个桌面环境的一个基础组件独立构建和运行，也可以集成于其它桌面环境如KDE或Xfce中，作为备选窗口管理器。LXDE和LXQt桌面环境则是基于Openbox构建而成。
安装
只需安装openbox软件包。也可以安装TTF字体，如ttf-dejavu和ttf-liberation。
启动
单独运行
通过 xinit 运行 openbox 或者 openbox-session 。 注意只有 openbox-session 支持 #自动启动.
其它桌面环境
- 如果你把一个 桌面环境 的原有窗口管理器替换为 Openbox，请记住 Openbox 不会提供任何的混成特效 (比如透明度)。 请参阅 #混成特效.
- Openbox 不支持 GNOME 应用 (或者请查看 GTK (简体中文)#Client-side decorations). [1]
请参阅 Desktop environment (简体中文)#使用其它窗口管理器。
配置
Four key files form the basis of the openbox configuration, each serving a unique role. They are: rc.xml, menu.xml, autostart, and environment. Although these files are discussed in more detail below, to start configuring Openbox, it will first be necessary to create a local Openbox profile (i.e for your specific user account) based on them. This can be done by copying them from the global /etc/xdg/openbox profile (applicable to any and all users) as a template:
$ mkdir -p ~/.config/openbox $ cp -a /etc/xdg/openbox/ ~/.config/
rc.xml
<keyboard> section of this file, and underneath the <!-- Keybindings for running aplications --> heading.~/.config/openbox/rc.xml is the main configuration file, responsible for determining the behaviour and settings of the overall session, including:
- Keyboard shortcuts (e.g. starting applications; controlling the volume)
- Theming
- Desktop and Virtual desktop settings, and
- Application Window settings
This file is also pre-configured, meaning that it will only be necessary to amend existing content in order to customise behaviour to suit personal preference.
~/.config/openbox/menu.xml defines the type and behaviour of the desktop menu, accessible by right-clicking the background. Although the default provided is a static menu (meaning that it will not automatically update when new applications are installed), it is possible to employ the use of dynamic menus that will automatically update as well.
The available options are discussed extensively below in the #菜单 section.
自动启动
openbox-session provides two autostart mechanisms: XDG Autostart (which only works if python-pyxdg is installed) and Openbox's own autostart mechanism.
Openbox's own autostart mechanism:
- sources
/etc/xdg/openbox/environment - sources
~/.config/openbox/environment - runs
/etc/xdg/openbox/autostart - runs
~/.config/openbox/autostart
Issues regarding commands in ~/.config/openbox/autostart being executed out of order (or skipped altogether) are often resolved by the addition of small delays. For instance:
xset -b (sleep 3s && nm-applet) & (sleep 3s && conky) &
环境
~/.config/openbox/environment can be used to export and set relevant environmental variables such as to:
- Define new pathways (e.g. execute commands that would otherwise require the entire pathway to be listed with them)
- Change language settings, and
- Define other variables to be used (e.g. the fix for GTK theming could be listed here)
主题
Install obconf and/or lxappearance-obconf for a GUI to configure visual settings and theming.
A good selection of themes are available in the openbox-themesAUR package or the AUR. Some GTK#Themes come with an Openbox theme as well. Both Openbox-specific and Openbox-compatible themes will be installed to the /usr/share/themes directory and will also be immediately available for selection.
box-look.org is an excellent and well-established source of themes. deviantART.com is another excellent resource. Many more can be found online.
编辑或创建
/usr/share/themes/. This will retain the original should anything go wrong and ensure that your changes are not overwritten on update.The process of creating new or modifying existing themes is covered extensively at the official openbox.org website. obthemeAUR is a user-friendly GUI for doing so.
图形界面配置
Several GUI applications are available to quickly and easily configure your Openbox desktop.
- ObConf — A GTK3 based configuration tool for the Openbox window manager.
- LXAppearance ObConf — Plugin for LXAppearance to configure Openbox. Note that not all options to configure Openbox are available in this plugin, so you might want to install obconf anyway.
- LXInput — LXDE keyboard and mouse configuration
- LXRandR — LXDE monitor configuration.
- obkey — Configure Openbox keyboard shortcuts
- obapps — Graphical tool for configuring application settings in Openbox.
Programs and applications relating to the configuration of Openbox's desktop menu are discussed in the Menus section.
重新配置Openbox
Openbox will not always automatically reflect any changes made to its configuration files within a session. As a consequence, it will be necessary to manually reload those files after they have been edited. To do so, enter the following command:
$ openbox --reconfigure
Where intending to add this command as a keybind to ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml, it will only be necessary to list the command as reconfigure. An example has been provided below, using the Super+F11 keybind:
<keybind key="W-F11"> <action name="Reconfigure"/> </keybind>
键绑定
All keybinds must be added to the ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file, and below the <!-- Keybindings for running aplications --> heading. Although a brief overview has been provided here, a more in-depth explanation of keybindings can be found at openbox.org.
Keybinds can be added to the configuration file using the following syntax:
<keybind key="my-key-combination">
<action name="my-action">
...
</action>
</keybind>
The action name for running an external command is Execute. Use the following syntax to define an external command to execute:
<action name="Execute"> <command>my-command</command> </action>
See the Openbox wiki for a list of all available actions.
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml.While the use of standard alpha-numeric keys for keybindings is self-explanatory, special names are assigned to other types of keys, such as modifiers, multimedia and navigation.
组合键
Modifier keys play an important role in keybindings (e.g. holding down the shift or CTRL / control key in combination with another key to undertake an action). Using modifiers helps to prevent conflicting keybinds, whereby two or more actions are linked to the same key or combination of keys. The syntax to use a modifier with another key is:
"<modifier>-<key>"
The modifier codes are as follows:
-
S: Shift -
C: Control / CTRL -
A: Alt -
W: Super / Windows -
M: Meta -
H: Hyper (If it is bound to something)
多媒体键
Where available, it is possible to set the appropriate multimedia keys to perform their intended functions, such as to control the volume and/or the screen brightness. These will usually be integrated into the function keys, and are identified by their appropriate symbols. See Extra keyboard keys for details.
The volume and brightness multimedia codes are as follows (note that commands will still have to be assigned to them to actually function):
-
XF86AudioRaiseVolume: Increase volume -
XF86AudioLowerVolume: Decrease volume -
XF86AudioMute: Mute / unmute volume -
XF86MonBrightnessUp: Increase screen brightness -
XF86MonBrightnessDown: Decrease screen brightness
For a full list of XF86 multimedia keys, see LQWiki:XF86 keyboard symbols.
音量控制
What commands should be used for controlling the volume will depend on whether ALSA, PulseAudio, or OSS is used for sound.
- ALSA: see Advanced Linux Sound Architecture#Keyboard volume control.
- PulseAudio: see PulseAudio#Keyboard volume control
- OSS: see OSS#Using multimedia keys with OSS.
导航键
These are the directional / arrow keys, usually used to move the cursor up, down, left, or right. The (self-explanatory) navigation codes are as follows:
-
Up: 上 -
Down: 下 -
Left: 左 -
Right: 右
菜单
It is possible to employ three types of menu in Openbox: static, pipes (dynamic), and generators (static or dynamic). They may also be used alone or in any combination.
静态菜单
As the name would suggest, this default type of menu does not change in any way, and may be manually edited and/or (re)generated automatically through the use on an appropriate software package.
Fast and efficient, while this type of menu can be used to select applications, it can also be useful to access specific functions and/or perform specific tasks (e.g. desktop configuration), leaving the access of applications to another process (e.g. the synapse or xfce4-appfinder applications).
The ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file will be the sole source of static desktop menu content.
菜单生成器
menumaker automatically generates xml menus for several window managers, including Openbox, Fluxbox, IceWM and Xfce. It will search for all installed executable programs and consequently create a menu file for them. It is also possible to configure MenuMaker to exclude certain application types (e.g. relating to GNOME or KDE), if desired.
Once installed and executed, it will automatically generate a new ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file. To avoid overwriting an existing file, enter:
$ mmaker -v OpenBox3
Otherwise, to overwrite an existing file, add the force argument (f):
$ mmaker -vf OpenBox3
Once a new ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file has been generated it may then be manually edited, or configured using a GUI menu editor, such as obmenuAUR.
obm-xdg - a pipe menu to generate a list of GTK and GNOME applications - is also provided with obmenu. However, it has long-running bugs whereby it may produce an invalid output, or even not function at all. Consequently it has been omitted from discussion.obmenuAUR is a "user-friendly" GUI application to edit ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml, without the need to code in xml.
archlinux-xdg-menu will automatically generate a menu based on xdg files contained within the /etc/xdg/ directory for numerous Window Managers, including Openbox. Review the Xdg-menu#OpenBox article for further information.
登出菜单选项
The ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file can be edited in order to provide a sub-menu with the same options as provided by oblogout. The sample script below will provide all of these options, with the exception of the ability to lock the screen:
<menu id="exit-menu" label="Exit"> <item label="Log Out"> <action name="Execute"> <command>openbox --exit</command> </action> </item> <item label="Shutdown"> <action name="Execute"> <command>systemctl poweroff</command> </action> </item> <item label="Restart"> <action name="Execute"> <command>systemctl reboot</command> </action> </item> <item label="Suspend"> <action name="Execute"> <command>systemctl suspend</command> </action> </item> <item label="Hibernate"> <action name="Execute"> <command>systemctl hibernate</command> </action> </item> </menu>
Once the entries have been composed, add the following line to present the sub-menu where desired within the main desktop menu (usually as the last entry):
<menu id="exit-menu"/>
管道菜单
This type of menu is in essence a script that provides dynamic, refreshed lists on-the-fly as and when run. These lists may be used for multiple purposes, including to list applications, to provide information, and to provide control functions. Pre-configured pipe menus can be installed, although not from the official repositories. More experienced users can also modify and/or create their own custom scripts. Again, ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml may and commonly will contain several pipe menus.
范例
- openbox-xdgmenuAUR: fast xdg-menu converter to xml-pipe-menu
- obfilebrowserAUR: Application and file browser
- obdevicemenuAUR: Management of removable media with Udisks
- wifi pipe menu: Wireless networking using Netctl
Openbox.org also provides a further list of pipe menus.
生成器
This type of menu is akin to those provided by the taskbars of desktop environments such as Xfce or LXDE. Automatically updating on-the-fly, this type of menu can be powerful and very convenient. It may also be possible to add custom categories and menu entries; read the documentation for your intended dynamic menu to determine if and how this can be done.
A menu generator will have to be executed from the ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file.
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml.obmenu-generatorAUR is highly recommended despite being an unofficial package. With the ability to be used as a static or dynamic menu, it is highly configurable, powerful, and versatile. Menu categories and individual entries may also be easily hidden, customised, and/or added with ease. The official homepage provides further information and screenshots.
Below is an example of how obmenu-generator would be dynamically executed without icons in ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<openbox_menu>
<menu id="root-menu" label="OpenBox 3" execute="/usr/bin/obmenu-generator">
</menu>
</openbox_menu>
To automatically iconify entries, the -i option would be added:
<menu id="root-menu" label="OpenBox 3" execute="/usr/bin/obmenu-generator -i">
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml.openbox-menuAUR uses the LXDE menu-cache to create dynamic menus. The official homepage provides further information and screenshots.
菜单图标
To show icons next to menu entries, it will be necessary to ensure they are enabled in the <menu> section of the ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file:
<showIcons>yes</showIcons>
Where using a static menu, it will then be necessary to edit the ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml file to provide both the icon = command, along with the full path and icon name for each entry. An example of the syntax used to provide an icon for a category is:
<menu id="apps-menu" label="[label name]" icon="[pathway to icon]/[icon name]">
将桌面菜单作为面板菜单
xdotool is a package that can issue commands to simulate key presses / keybinds, meaning that it is possible to use it to invoke keybind-related actions without having to actually press their assigned keys. As this includes the ability to invoke an assigned keybind for the Openbox desktop menu, it is therefore possible to use XDoTool to turn the Openbox desktop menu into a panel menu. Especially where the desktop menu is heavily customised and feature-rich, this may prove very useful to:
- Replace an existing panel menu
- Implement a panel menu where otherwise not provided or possible (e.g. for Tint2)
- Compensate where losing access to the desktop menu due to the use of an application like xfdesktop to manage the desktop.
Once XDoTool has been installed - if not already present - it will be necessary to create a keybind to access the root menu in ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml, and again below the <!-- Keybindings for running aplications --> heading. For example, the following code will bring up the menu by pressing CTRL + m:
<keybind key="C-m">
<action name="ShowMenu">
<menu>root-menu</menu>
</action>
</keybind>
Openbox must then be reconfigured. In this instance, XDoTool will be used to simulate the CTRL + m keypress to access the desktop menu with the following command (note the use of + in place of -):
xdotool key control+m
How this command may be used as a panel launcher / icon is largely dependent on the features of panel used. While some panels will allow the above command to be executed directly in the process of creating a new launcher, others may require the use of an executable script. As an example, a custom executable script called obpanelmenu.sh will be created in the ~/.config folder:
$ text editor ~/.config/obpanelmenu.sh
Once the empty file has been opened, the appropriate XDoTool command must be added to the empty file (i.e. to simulate the CTRL + m keypress for this example):
xdotool key control+m
After the file has been saved and closed, it may then be made into an executable script with the following command:
$ chmod +x ~/.config/obpanelmenu.sh
Executing it will bring up the Openbox desktop menu. Consequently, where using a panel that supports drag-and-drop functionality to add new launchers, simply drag the executable script onto it before changing the icon to suit personal taste.
XDG 兼容菜单
A xdg compliant menu is based on the freedesktop.org standard. The menu is defined in menu-files which reside in /etc/xdg/menus. New applications will occur automatically in the menu.
范例
- californium[失效链接 2021-11-15 ⓘ]: xdg menu based on the LXQt main menu and easily themable
提示与技巧
光标与图标主题
桌面图标与壁纸
Openbox does not natively support the use of desktop icons or wallpapers.
See PCManFM, SpaceFM and Idesk.
~/.conkyrc and set own_window_type to normal.See List of applications#Wallpaper setters.
混成特效
Openbox对混成不提供原生支持，因此需要外部混成器。
Although compositing is not a necessary component, it may specifically avoid issues such as screen distortion with oblogout, and visual glitches with terminal window transparency. See Xorg#Composite for common choices.
oblogout
See the Oblogout article for an overview on how to use this useful, graphical logout script.
Openbox多显示器用户
While Openbox provides better than average multihead support on its own, openbox-multihead-gitAUR provides a development branch called Openbox Multihead that gives multihead users per-monitor desktops. This model is not commonly found in floating window managers, but exists mainly in tiling window managers. It is explained well on the Xmonad web site. Also, please see README.MULTIHEAD for a more comprehensive description of the new features and configuration options found in Openbox Multihead.
Openbox Multihead will function like normal Openbox when only a single head is available.
热键执行复合命令
If you need to execute a complex command, use shell functionality.
Special character replacement are as follows:
-
&: & -
<: < -
>: >
This example will turn off display immediately and lock screen with slock. It was taken from this thread.
<keybind key="W-l">
<action name="Execute">
<command>sh -c 'slock & (sleep .5 && xset dpms force off)'</command>
</action>
</keybind>
Sometimes one need to specify environment variable for application:
<keybind key="A-F7">
<action name="Execute">
<command>sh -c "LC_ALL=C obconf"</command>
</action>
</keybind>
Another example will launch application preserving all stdout and stderr output to file:
<keybind key="A-f">
<action name="Execute">
<command>sh -c sh -c "exec gimp >/tmp/gimp.out 2>&1"</command>
</action>
</keybind>
Enable screenshot:
<keybind key="Print">
<action name="Execute">
<command>gnome-screenshot -c</command>
</action>
</keybind>
<keybind key="A-Print">
<action name="Execute">
<command>gnome-screenshot -c -w</command>
</action>
</keybind>
<keybind key="W-Print">
<action name="Execute">
<command>gnome-screenshot -i</command>
</action>
</keybind>
应用程序启动器
Given the lack of a desktop environment with a plain Openbox install, it can be useful to install one or more application launchers as supplements to the Openbox menu system and the hotkeys. Lists of such launchers can be found at Category:Application launchers and List of applications/Other#Application launchers; popular examples are Gmrun and dmenu.
鼠标切换桌面
It is possible to switch desktop by moving the mouse cursor to the edges of the screen. First install xdotool and add the following two lines to your ~/.xinitrc:
xdotool behave_screen_edge --delay 500 left set_desktop --relative -- -1 & xdotool behave_screen_edge --delay 500 right set_desktop --relative -- +1 &
设置默认应用及文件关联
See the Default applications article.
Ad-hoc窗口透明
The program transset-dfAUR can enable window transparency on-the-fly.
For example, using the following code in the <mouse> section of the ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file will enable control of application window transparency by hovering the mouse-pointer over the title bar and scrolling with the middle button:
<context name="Titlebar">
...
<mousebind button="Up" action="Click">
<action name= "Execute" >
<execute>transset-df -p .2 --inc </execute>
</action>
</mousebind>
<mousebind button="Down" action="Click">
<action name= "Execute" >
<execute>transset-df -p .2 --dec </execute>
</action>
</mousebind>
...
</context>
Using obxprop for faster configuration
The openbox package provides a obxprop binary that can parse relevant values for applications settings in rc.xml. Officially obxprop | grep "^_OB_APP" is recommended for this task. Start the process by running the command shown, then click a window to see its properties in the terminal.
Xprop values for applications
xorg-xprop can be used to relay property values for selected applications. Where frequently using per-application settings, the following Bash Alias may be useful:
alias xp='xprop | grep "WM_WINDOW_ROLE\|WM_CLASS" && echo "WM_CLASS(STRING) = \"NAME\", \"CLASS\""'
To use Xorg-XProp, run using the alias given xp, and click on the active program desired to define with per-application settings. The results displayed will only be the information that Openbox itself requires, namely the WM_WINDOW_ROLE and WM_CLASS (name and class) values:
WM_WINDOW_ROLE(STRING) = "roster" WM_CLASS(STRING) = "gajim.py", "Gajim.py" WM_CLASS(STRING) = "NAME", "CLASS"
切换键盘布局
See the article section switching between keyboard layouts for instructions.
设置虚拟桌面网格
Install obsetlayoutAUR. To set a 2x2 grid for example:
obsetlayout 0 2 2 0
Run it without arguments to know what the arguments mean.
启用敏感边角
lead-gitAUR provides hot corners for openbox and other lightweight window managers. Start the application with a entry in the autostart-file:
lead &
Commands can be edited in the configuration file ~/.config/mlde/lead.conf:
[eDP1] bottom= bottomLeft=chromium bottomRight=thunar left= right= top= topLeft=mlde.californium toggle topRight=skippy-xd
窗口吸附
Many desktop environments and window managers support window snapping (e.g. Windows 7 Aero snap), whereby they will automatically snap into place when moved to the edge of the screen. This effect can also be simulated in Openbox through the use of keybinds on focused windows.
As illustrated in the example below, percentages must be used to determine window sizes (see openbox.org for further information). In this instance, The super key is used in conjunction with the navigation keys:
<keybind key="W-Left">
<action name="UnmaximizeFull"/>
<action name="MaximizeVert"/>
<action name="MoveResizeTo">
<width>50%</width>
</action>
<action name="MoveToEdge"><direction>west</direction></action>
</keybind>
<keybind key="W-Right">
<action name="UnmaximizeFull"/>
<action name="MaximizeVert"/>
<action name="MoveResizeTo">
<width>50%</width>
</action>
<action name="MoveToEdge"><direction>east</direction></action>
</keybind>
However, it should be noted that once a window has been 'snapped' to an edge, it will remain vertically maximised unless subsequently maximised and then restored. The solution is to implement additional keybinds - in this instance using the down and up keys - to do so. This will also make pulling 'snapped' windows from screen edges faster as well:
<keybind key="W-Down"> <action name="Unmaximize"/> </keybind> <keybind key="W-Up"> <action name="Maximize"/> </keybind>
This Ubuntu forum thread provides more information. Applications such as opensnapAUR are also available to automatically simulate window snapping behaviour without the use of keybinds.
Another option is to use bunsen-utilities-gitAUR which provides bl-aerosnap --left and bl-aerosnap --right commands which will snap active window on left or right edge respectively if it's not snapped and restore it to original size and position otherwise. Just bind these commands to the key combination of your choosing.
Smooth display manager transition
Users of display managers might experience a flickering during the transition between the display manager and the Openbox desktop. The flickering comes from Openbox setting the root window's color during startup. Therefore there is a brief moment when the display flashes in a grey color, between the display manager's background and the desktop's wallpaper.
Setting the root window's background color can be disabled by editing the Openbox startup script found in /usr/lib/openbox/openbox-autostart. Simply comment out (or delete) the block starting with # Set a background color.
窗口渲染
To remove window decorations for all or particular applications, use the <decor> option in the <applications> section of rc.xml (user: ~/.config/openbox/ or system: /etc/xdg/openbox/).
Example for Firefox, including variants like Firefox-Beta and Firefox-Nightly:
<application class="Firefox*"> <decor>no</decor> </application>
One could also disable decorations for all applications (using class "*"), then enable them (using yes) for individual ones. To apply the changes, restart your desktop session, and thus Openbox. Reference: Openbox FAQ
排错
Firefox
Mozilla based browsers may ignore application rules (e.g. <desktop>) unless class="Firefox" is used. See #Xprop values for applications.
主题丢失
If for any reason the newly extracted theme cannot be selected, open the theme directory to first ensure that it is compatible with Openbox - there should be an openbox-3 directory and a themerc file within it. An .obt (OpenBox Theme) file may also be present in some instances, which can then be manually loaded in obconf.
A theme may also be not accessible due to wrong permissions. See File permissions and attributes for more.
连续切换桌面时停顿
By default Openbox switches from the last desktop back to the first desktop on mouse wheel scroll. Use <wrap>no</wrap> in the mousebind section to disable this behaviour.
<context name="Desktop">
<mousebind button="Up" action="Click">
<action name="GoToDesktop">
<to>previous</to>
<wrap>no</wrap>
</action>
</mousebind>
<mousebind button="Down" action="Click">
<action name="GoToDesktop">
<to>next</to>
<wrap>no</wrap>
</action>
</mousebind>
</context>
新窗口隐藏在活动窗口后面
Some application windows (such as Firefox windows) may load behind the currently active window, causing you to need to switch to the window you just created to focus it. To fix this behavior add this to your ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file, inbetween the <openbox_config> and </openbox_config> tags:
<applications>
<application class="*">
<focus>yes</focus>
</application>
</applications>
参阅
- Openbox Website - Official website
- Box-Look.org - A good resource for themes and related artwork
- Openbox Hacks and Configs Thread @ Arch Linux Forums
- Openbox Screenshots Thread @ Arch Linux Forums
- An Openbox guide